Different Types of Vaccines

WHO via Images from the History of Medicine (NLM)

Preparation of measles vaccine

The first human vaccines against viruses were based using weaker or attenuated viruses to generate immunity. The smallpox vaccine used cowpox, a poxvirus that was similar enough to smallpox to protect against it but usually didn’t serious illness. Rabies was the first virus attenuated in a lab to create a vaccine for humans.

Vaccines are made using several different processes. They may contain live viruses that have been attenuated (weakened or altered so as not to cause illness); inactivated or killed organisms or viruses; inactivated toxins (for bacterial diseases where toxins generated by the bacteria, and not the bacteria themselves, cause illness); or merely segments of the pathogen (this includes both subunit and conjugate vaccines).

Vaccine type	Vaccines of this type on U.S. Recommended Childhood (ages 0-6) Immunization Schedule
Live, attenuated	Measles, mumps, rubella (MMR combined vaccine) Varicella (chickenpox) Influenza (nasal spray) Rotavirus
Inactivated/Killed	Polio (IPV) Hepatitis A
Toxoid (inactivated toxin)	Diphtheria, tetanus (part of DTaP combined immunization)
Subunit/conjugate	Hepatitis B Influenza (injection) Haemophilus influenza type b (Hib) Pertussis (part of DTaP combined immunization) Pneumococcal Meningococcal

Vaccine type	Other available vaccines
Live, attenuated	Zoster (shingles) Yellow fever
Inactivated/Killed	Rabies
Subunit/conjugate	Human papillomavirus (HPV)

Live, attenuated vaccines currently recommended as part of the U.S. Childhood Immunization Schedule include those against measles, mumps, and rubella (via the combined MMR vaccine), varicella (chickenpox), and influenza (in the nasal spray version of the seasonal flu vaccine). In addition to live, attenuated vaccines, the immunization schedule includes vaccines of every other major type—see the table above for a breakdown of the vaccine types on the recommended childhood schedule.

The different vaccine types each require different development techniques. Each section below  addresses one of the vaccine types.

Live, Attenuated Vaccines

Attenuated vaccines can be made in several different ways. Some of the most common methods involve passing the disease-causing virus through a series of cell cultures or animal embryos (typically chick embryos). Using chick embryos as an example, the virus is grown in different embryos in a series. With each passage, the virus becomes better at replicating in chick cells, but loses its ability to replicate in human cells. A virus targeted for use in a vaccine may be grown through—“passaged” through—upwards of 200 different embryos or cell cultures. Eventually, the attenuated virus will be unable to replicate well (or at all) in human cells, and can be used in a vaccine. All of the methods that involve passing a virus through a non-human host produce a version of the virus that can still be recognized by the human immune system, but cannot replicate well in a human host.

When the resulting vaccine virus is given to a human, it will be unable to replicate enough to cause illness, but will still provoke an immune response that can protect against future infection.

One concern that must be considered is the potential for the vaccine virus to revert to a form capable of causing disease. Mutations that can occur when the vaccine virus replicates in the body may result in more a virulent strain. This is very unlikely, as the vaccine virus’s ability to replicate at all is limited; however, it is taken into consideration when developing an attenuated vaccine. It is worth noting that mutations are somewhat common with the oral polio vaccine (OPV), a live vaccine that is ingested instead of injected. The vaccine virus can mutate into a virulent form and result in rare cases of paralytic polio. For this reason, OPV is no longer used in the United States, and has been replaced on the Recommended Childhood Immunization Schedule by the inactivated polio vaccine (IPV).

Protection from a live, attenuated vaccine typically outlasts that provided by a killed or inactivated vaccine.

Killed or Inactivated Vaccines

One alternative to attenuated vaccines is a killed or inactivated vaccine. Vaccines of this type are created by inactivating a pathogen, typically using heat or chemicals such as formaldehyde or formalin. This destroys the pathogen’s ability to replicate, but keeps it “intact” so that the immune system can still recognize it. (“Inactivated” is generally used rather than “killed” to refer to viral vaccines of this type, as viruses are generally not considered to be alive.)

Because killed or inactivated pathogens can’t replicate at all, they can’t revert to a more virulent form capable of causing disease (as discussed above with live, attenuated vaccines). However, they tend to provide a shorter length of protection than live vaccines, and are more likely to require boosters to create long-term immunity. Killed or inactivated vaccines on the U.S. Recommended Childhood Immunization Schedule include the inactivated polio vaccine and the seasonal influenza vaccine (in shot form).

Toxoids

Some bacterial diseases are not directly caused by a bacterium itself, but by a toxin produced by the bacterium. One example is tetanus: its symptoms are not caused by the Clostridium tetani bacterium, but by a neurotoxin it produces (tetanospasmin). Immunizations for this type of pathogen can be made by inactivating the toxin that causes disease symptoms. As with organisms or viruses used in killed or inactivated vaccines, this can be done via treatment with a chemical such as formalin, or by using heat or other methods.

Immunizations created using inactivated toxins are called toxoids. Toxoids can actually be considered killed or inactivated vaccines, but are sometimes given their own category to highlight the fact that they contain an inactivated toxin, and not an inactivated form of bacteria.

Toxoid immunizations on the U.S. Recommended Childhood Immunization schedule include the tetanus and diphtheria immunizations, which are available in a combined form.

Subunit and Conjugate Vaccines

Both subunit and conjugate vaccines contain only pieces of the pathogens they protect against.

Subunit vaccines use only part of a target pathogen to provoke a response from the immune system. This may be done by isolating a specific protein from a pathogen and presenting it as an antigen on its own. The acellular pertussis vaccine and influenza vaccine (in shot form) are examples of subunit vaccines.

Another type of subunit vaccine can be created via genetic engineering. A gene coding for a vaccine protein is inserted into another virus, or into producer cells in culture. When the carrier virus reproduces, or when the producer cell metabolizes, the vaccine protein is also created. The end result of this approach is a recombinant vaccine: the immune system will recognize the expressed protein and provide future protection against the target virus. The Hepatitis B vaccine currently used in the United States is a recombinant vaccine.

Another vaccine made using genetic engineering is the human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine. Two types of HPV vaccine are available—one provides protection against two strains of HPV, the other four—but both are made in the same way: for each strain, a single viral protein is isolated. When these proteins are expressed, virus-like particles (VLPs) are created. These VLPs contain no genetic material from the viruses and can’t cause illness, but prompt an immune response that provides future protection against HPV.

Conjugate vaccines are somewhat similar to recombinant vaccines: they’re made using a combination of two different components. Conjugate vaccines, however, are made using pieces from the coats of bacteria. These coats are chemically linked to a carrier protein, and the combination is used as a vaccine. Conjugate vaccines are used to create a more powerful, combined immune response: typically the “piece” of bacteria being presented would not generate a strong immune response on its own, while the carrier protein would. The piece of bacteria can’t cause illness, but combined with a carrier protein, it can generate immunity against future infection. The vaccines currently in use for children against pneumococcal bacterial infections are made using this technique.

More Information

Researchers continue to develop new vaccine types and improve current approaches. For more information about experimental vaccines and delivery techniques, see our article The Future of Immunization.

MESSAGE WRITEN BY A COP

1. Tip from Tae Kwon Do :The elbow is the strongest point on your body. If you are close enough to use it, do!

2. Learned this from a tourist guide. If a robber asks for your wallet and/or purse, DO NOT HAND IT TO HIM. Toss it away from you... Chances are that he is more interested in your wallet and/or purse than you, and he will go for the wallet/purse. RUN LIKE MAD IN THE OTHER DIRECTION! 

3. If you are ever thrown into the trunk of a car, kick out the back tail lights and stick your arm out the hole and start waving like crazy.. The driver won't see you, but everybody else will. This has saved lives. 

4. Women have a tendency to get into their cars after shopping, eating, working, etc., and just sit (doing their checkbook, or making a list, etc. DON'T DO THIS!) The predator will be watching you, and this is the perfect opportunity for him to get in on the passenger side, put a gun to your head, and tell you where to go. AS SOON AS YOU GET INTO YOUR CAR , LOCK THE DOORS AND LEAVE.. If someone is in the car with a gun to your head DO NOT DRIVE OFF, Repeat: DO NOT DRIVE OFF! Instead gun the engine and speed into anything, wrecking the car. Your Air Bag will save you. If the person is in the back seat they will get the worst of it. As soon as the car crashes bail out and run. It is better than having them find your body in a remote location. 

5. A few notes about getting into your car in a parking lot, or parking garage: A.) Be aware:look around you, look into your car, at the passenger side floor , and in the back seat. B.) If you are parked next to a big van, enter your car from the passenger door. Most serial killers attack their victims by pulling them into their vans while the women are attempting to get into their cars. C.) Look at the car parked on the driver's side of your vehicle, and the passenger side.. If a male is sitting alone in the seat nearest your car, you may want to walk back into the mall, or work, and get a guard/policeman to walk you back out. IT IS ALWAYS BETTER TO BE SAFE THAN SORRY. (And better paranoid than dead.) 

6. ALWAYS take the elevator instead of the stairs. Stairwells are horrible places to be alone and the perfect crime spot. This is especially true at NIGHT!) 

7. If the predator has a gun and you are not under his control, ALWAYS RUN! The predator will only hit you (a running target) 4 in 100 times; and even then, it most likely WILL NOT be a vital organ. RUN, Preferably in a zig -zag pattern! 

8. As women, we are always trying to be sympathetic: STOP It may get you raped, or killed. Ted Bundy, the serial killer, was a good-looking, well educated man, who ALWAYS played on the sympathies of unsuspecting women. He walked with a cane, or a limp, and often asked 'for help' into his vehicle or with his vehicle, which is when he abducted his next victim. 

9. Another Safety Point: Someone just told me that her friend heard a crying baby on her porch the night before last, and she called the police because it was late and she thought it was weird.. The police told her 'Whatever you do, DO NOT open the door..' The lady then said that it sounded like the baby had crawled near a window, and she was worried that it would crawl to the street and get run over. The policeman said, 'We already have a unit on the way, whatever you do, DO NOT open the door.' He told her that they think a serial killer has a baby's cry recorded and uses it to coax women out of their homes thinking that someone dropped off a baby.. He said they have not verified it, but have had several calls by women saying that they hear baby's cries outside their doors when they're home alone at night. 

10. Water scam! If you wake up in the middle of the night to hear all your taps outside running or what you think is a burst pipe, DO NOT GO OUT TO INVESTIGATE! These people turn on all your outside taps full blast so that you will go out to investigate and then attack. Stay alert, keep safe, and look out for your neighbors! Please pass this on This e-mail should probably be taken seriously because the Crying Baby Theory was mentioned on America 's Most Wanted when they profiled the serial killer in Louisiana

C I N T A

ada apa dengan cinta??
lagi-lagi cinta yang tidak terbalas...

biarkan cinta itu pergi meninggalkan kita..

asalkan cinta kita dengan pencipta masih berbalas..

ingatlah..

JODOH ITU MISTERI

tapi

JODOH ITU PASTI

~~SEMOGA BERMANFAAT~~

Morphology of Chronic Pyelonephritis

Chronic Pyelonephritis

The characteristic changes of chronic pyelonephritis are seen on gross examination.

The kidneys usually are irregularly scarred; if bilateral, the involvement is asymmetric. This contrasts with chronic glumerulonephritis, in which both kidneys are diffusely and symmetrically scarred. the hallmarks of chronic pyelonephritis are COARSE, DISCRETE, CORTICOMEDULLARY SCARS OVERLYING DILATED, BLUNTED, OR DEFORMED CALYCES, and FLATTENING OF THE PAPILLAE. The scars can vary from one to several in number and may affect one or both kidneys. Most are in the upper and lower poles, consistent with the frequency of reflux in these sites.

The microscopic changes involve predominantly tubules and interstitium. The tubules show atrophy in some areas and hypertrophy or dilation in others. Dilated tubules with flattened epithelium may be filled with colloid casts ( thyroidization ). There are varying degrees of chronic interstitial inflammation and fibrosis in the cortex and medulla. In the presence of active infection there may be neutrophils in the interstitium and pus casts in the tubules. Arcuate and interlobular vessels demonstrate odliterative intimal sclerosis in the scarred areas; and in the presence of hypertension. hyaline arteriosclerosis is seen in the entire kidney. There is often fibrosis around the calyceal epithelium as well as a marked chronic inflammatory infiltrate. Glomeruli may appear normal expect for periglomerular fibrosis, or exhibit a variety if changes, including ischemic fibrous obliteration and secondary changes related to hypertension. Individuals with chronic pyelonephritis and reflux nephropathy who develop proteinuria in adviced stages show secondary focal segmental glumerulosclerosis.

Hakikat Perjalanan Haid dan Senggugut

Kisah pesakit terkeliru

Dunia hari ini menyaksikan bagaimana perkembangan teknologi maklumat begitu pantas tersebar ibarat cendawan yang tumbuh selepas hujan. Oleh itu masyarakat  dewasa ini kebanyakannya mengakses maklumat dengan menggunakan internet. Namun, dalam timbunan teknologi maklumat ini, masih ada segelintir masyarakat yang terkeliru.

Seorang pesakit pernah hadir berjumpa dengan seorang doktor pakar sakit puan lalu menceritakan masalahnya, “Doktor, saya ini sudah berbulan-bulan tidak datang darah kotor lalu menyebabkan saya sakit kepala kerana darah kotor ini mengalir di dalam badan saya. “ Doktor itu tersenyum lalu menerangkan kepada pesakit itu bahawa punca sakit kepalanya tiada kaitan sama sekali dengan darah kotor yang dialaminya sejak berbulan-bulan, kerana sistem peredaran darah di dalam badan kita dan juga menstruasi/haid  yang berlaku pada setiap wanita adalah perkara yang berbeza.

Peredaran darah manusia dan menstruasi

Sistem peredaran darah di dalam badan manusia terdiri daripada organ seperti jantung, salur darah (arteri, vena dan kapilari) dan juga darah (plasma, sel darah merah, sel darah putih dan platelet) itu sendiri yang bertanggungjawab terhadap proses pengangkutan dan peredaran zat-zat (oksigen, karbon dioksida, sari makanan dan zat sisa metabolisme) dalam tubuh badan kita. Sistem ini akan mengedarkan darah  bermula dari jantung dan ke seluruh badan kemudian akan berpatah balik ke jantung semula.

Manakala menstruasi/haid pula ialah darah yang dirembeskan oleh dinding  rahim wanita yang tidak mengandung dan keluar melalui faraj wanita. Kita sering memanggil haid itu sebagai darah kotor. Namun, darah haid ini sebenarnya tidaklah kotor kerana ia hanya terdiri daripada darah dari lapisan luar rahim kita sendiri, sel-sel tisu yang telah mati dan telur yang telah mati kerana tidak berlaku persenyawaan dengan sperma.

Benarkah haid itu darah kotor

Pengertian darah kotor ini sebenarnya dikaitkan dengan permasalahan ibadat ketika dalam keadaan haid, seorang wanita itu terikat kepada batasan-batasan tertentu seperti tidak dapat menunaikan solat, berpuasa, bersetubuh dan lain-lain. Ini jelas di dalam surah Al-Baqarah ayat 222, Allah telah berfirman, “ Dan mereka menanyakan kepadamu (Muhammad) tentang haid. Katakanlah, “ Itu adalah sesuatu yang kotor .” Karena itu jauhilah isteri pada waktu haid; dan jangan kamu dekati mereka sebelum mereka suci. Apabila mereka telah suc , campurilah mereka dengan (ketentuan) yang diperintahkan Allah kepadamu. Sungguh Allah menyukai orang yang taubat dan menyukai orang menyucikan diri.”

Tempoh menstruasi dan menopaus

Tempoh menstruasi/haid adalah berlainan bagi setiap wanita. Kebiasaannya tempoh menstruasi/ haid ini adalah selama 3-5 hari. Namun begitu, ada juga wanita yang mengalami haid selama 7 hari atau 8 hari. Proses ini berlaku dalam tempoh agak tetap sejak daripada kita akil baligh sehinggalah menopaus (putus haid) kecuali semasa mengandung dan penyusuan.

Seorang pesakit wanita memberitahu sorang doktor bahawa dahulu dia mempunyai tempoh haid yang tetap iaitu selama lapan hari. Namun sejak dia berusia  40 tahun, haidnya datang selama 5 hari dan pada hari keenam dan ketujuh haid tersebut berhenti kemudian pada hari kelapan, haid itu datang semula.

Dari sudut perubatan, wanita itu mungkin tidak mengalami sebarang masalah apa-apa kerana sebelum ini kitaran haidnya adalah normal. Cuma semenjak berusia 40 tahun tempoh haidnya tidak menentu, hal ini kerana itu merupakan salah satu tanda – tanda awal menopaus. Tempoh usia seseorang  mengalami menopaus juga berbeza pada setiap wanita, kebiasaannya berlaku ketika berusia 40 tahun ke atas. Namun wanita itu juga berkemungkinan mengalami pendarahan pada pangkal rahimnya kerana berlaku pendarahan haid semula setelah haid berhenti. Seelok-eloknya pesakit wanita itu pergi ke hospital untuk mendapatkan ujian pemeriksaan  kesihatan selanjutnya untuk memastikan keadaaan itu adakah normal atau tidak baginya.  Dari sudut fiqh pula, wanita tadi tidak perlu menunaikan solat sewaktu haidnya terputus, kerana dia masih berada dalam tempoh haidnya.

Kitaran haid perlu dihitung

Terkadang apabila para pesakit mengalami masalah pada kitaran haid, mereka akan datang berjumpa dengan para doktor dan soalan yang akan diajukan kepada para pesakit ialah, “Bilakah last period adik/ cik / puan?” Kebanyakan para pesakit akan menjawab, “Period saya kering pada….” atau “Saya mandi wajib pada….” Sebenarnya bukan itu jawapan yang dimahukan oleh doktor. Maksud soalan para doktor tadi ialah“ Bilakah tarikh last period adik/ cik/ puan bermula?” Rata-rata di antara mereka tidak ingat bilakah tarikh terakhir haid mereka bermula.

Oleh yang demikian, tabiat mencatit bilakah haid bermula dan berakhir ini  perlulah diamalkan oleh setiap wanita yang masih mengalami haid. Tidak kisahlah jika hendak catit di dalam kalendar, diari mahupun telefon bimbit kerana tempoh kitaran haid kita sangatlah penting. Jika berlaku kitaran haid yang tidak stabil, lalu kita berjumpa dengan doktor. Kebiasaannya doktor ingin mengetahui kitaran haid kita dua atau tiga bulan sebelum ini.

Secara kebiasaannya kitaran haid kita ialah selama 28±5 hari. Kitaran haid terpendek boleh berlaku selama  21 hari dan kitaran haid terpanjang boleh berlaku selama 35 hari. Kitaran haid ini bermaksud hari pertama berlaku menstruasi/ haid  sehinggalah berlaku semula menstruasi/haid yang seterusnya. Misalnya seorang gadis datang haid pada 1 Januari dan kemudian dia datang semula haid pada 22 Januari. Ini bermaksud gadis itu normal bukanlah seperti yang biasa kita dengar haidnya tidak normal kerana dia datang 2 kali sebulan.

Mengetahui tempoh kesuburan

Selain itu, kitaran haid juga penting untuk mengetahui tempoh kesuburan seseorang wanita. Jika kitaran haid wanita itu normal, mudah sekali untuk mengetahui tempoh kesuburan seseorang wanita tersebut iaitu kebiasaannya  pada 12 -14 hari sebelum haid datang semula. Itu adalah waktu yang sesuai bagi pasangan yang sudah berkahwin ingin memperoleh zuriat. Ketika itu, telur(ovum) masuk ke dalam rahim. Tempoh hidup telur lebih singkat berbanding sperma iaitu 24-26jam manakala tempoh hidup sperma adalah selama 4-5hari.

Selain itu, para wanita juga boleh mengetahui tempoh kesuburan mereka dengan mengesan cecair keputihan pada diri mereka. Kebiasaannya sewaktu subur, cecair keputihan itu akan lebih likat seperti telur putih yang belum dimasak dan apabila ditarik sukar untuk putus seperti spring. Di dalam dunia teknologi sekarang, kita sudah mempunyai alat untuk mengesan tempoh kesuburan kita iaitu dengan menggunakan ovulation predictor kits (OPKs)

Period pain/ Senggugut

Seorang ibu yang mempunyai dua orang anak perempuan berasa risau apabila melihat dua orang perempuannya mengalami masalah senggugut sedangkan dia tidak mengalaminya. Adakah senggugut ini berbahaya?

Senggugut ini ialah sakit di bahagian bawah perut, sakit perut yang tajam atau sakit yang akan datang dan pergi. Senggugut ini juga berkemungkinan untuk sakit di bahagian belakang. Mungkin ada sebahagian daripada kita tertanya-tanya mengapakah berlakunya senggugut ini. Ketika menstruasi/ haid. senggugut ini terjadi kerana berlaku pengecutan yang kuat di dalam rahim untuk meruntuhkan saluran darah di luar dinding rahim. Saluran  darah di dalam dinding rahim akan  dimampatkan oleh pengecutan tadi seterusnya akan memutuskan bekalan darah ke rahim. Ini akan membuatkan bekalan oksigen ke rahim terputus dan menambahkan ketidakselesaan pada rahim kita.

Sebenarnya senggugut atau istilah perubatannya ialah dysmenorrhoea ini terdapat dua jenis:

Primary dysmenorrhea : Senggugut yang menjadi kebiasaannya kaum hawa dalam kalangan remaja sehingga 25tahun. Senggugut ini tidak berbahaya. Jadi ibu di atas tidak perlu risau kerana senggugut ini adalah senggugut yang sihat. Selalunya terjadi 24jam sebelum haid dan berakhir dalam sehari selepas period.

Secondary dysmenorrhea: Senggugut ini berlaku jika terdapat permasalahan di dalam rahim itu sendiri seperti endometriosis, cyst, tumor dan banyak lagi. Kebiasaannya berlaku pada kaum hawa yang berusia 30an dan 40an.

Langkah-langkah mengurangkan senggugut

• Tuam menggunakan air panas merupakan cara yang sangat efektif.
• Ambil posisi menonggeng sehingga rahim akan tergantung akan membuatkan kita lebih rehat.
• Amalkan pemakanan yang seimbang. Elakkan daripada minum kopi, makan aiskrim dan coklat supaya senggugut tidak bertambah sakit.
• Minum jus dan supplement yang mempunyai kandungan Vitamin E, Vitamin B6 atau Omega-3 ataupun minum minuman panas yang mengandungi kalsium tinggi.
• Jika tidak mampu bertahan lagi, maka boleh mengambil pil Panadol  berwarna pink. Jika mampu bertahan, tidak perlu mengambil ubat. Tidak boleh mengambil ubat lebih daripada 3 kali.

Kesimpulan

Semoga semua kaum hawa mengambil berat akan perihal kesihatan diri masing-masing. Marilah sama-sama kita mengamalkan gaya hidup sihat. Jika terdapat sebarang masalah, segeralah berjumpa dengan doktor.

Oleh: Dr Norashikin Abdullah

 moga bermanfaat untuk kaum hawa.. insyaALLAH

ETIKA DIET RASULULLAH SAW

Dalam Islam, ALLAH telah memilih Rasulullah SAW untuk menjadi model kepada seluruh alam sejagat. Baginda juga turut membawa perkara yang boleh disifatkan sebagai penyempurna akhlak yang boleh disifatkan sebagai penyempurna akhlak manusia. Di antara perbuatan Rasulullah yang perlu diikuti dan dihayati bersama adalah dari aspek etika diet Rasulullah.

Antara tatacara pemakanan Rasulullah SAW adalah :~~

1. Mulakan dengan Bismillah
2. Gunakan tangan kanan
3. Makan yang berhampiran
4. Galakan guna 3 jari
5. Larangan mencela makanan
6. Tidak bersandar ketika makan
7. Kutip makanan yang jatuh
8. Mula makan dari tepi
9. Jilat jari setelah selesai
10. Doa setelah selesai makan
11. Galakan bercakap ketika makan

untuk dapatkan lebih info, boleh klik..

شكرا لقراءة هذا المنصب
بارك الله عليك وعليكم

How Sleeping Affects Weight Loss and Gain

Assalamualaikum, allllzzz..
i'm so tired today because of KARNIVAL JOM JADI USAHAWAN (2J1U) UNIKL MESTECH 2013 that held for 2 days.. and of course i have no enough time to rest and sleep due to this event..
talking about sleep, there is an article that i would like to share..
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Long-sleepers rejoice; it is scientifically proven that sleeping more can help you stay slim, healthy and maintain a good eating habit!

"If you are sleep-deprived, meaning that you are not getting enough minutes of sleep or good quality sleep, your metabolism will not function properly," shares Doctor Michael Breus, the clinical director of the specialised sleep division for Arrowhead Health Center in Arizona.

That just proves that the recommended 7 hours of sleep is not simply about relaxation. As we sleep, the maintenance of a variety of neurochemical and hormonological processes take place in our body. It is noted that the lack of sleep can affect and disturb those hormonal and chemical balances. More specifically, it may reduce the levels of your Leptin (a master hormone that controls hunger and appetite), which subsequently results in you having more hunger pangs.

To exemplify, let's take a look in a study by a Columbia University in 2011. The research was aimed to test whether there is a correlation between sleep and eating habits.

A group of 13 men and 13 women were required to stay in a controlled environment for six days on two different situations – the first situation being that they were requested to sleep for nine hours, while the second situation was that they can only have four hours of bedtime. On both situations, the group would all be on the same diet for the first four days, but can eat anything they wanted on the fifth day.

Upon observation and analysis, it was found that those who were sleep-deprived gobbled down about 300 calories more than when they are well rested. Most of those extra calories came from food that contain fat, especially saturated fat. The research results therefore demonstrate a clear link between sleep and human food consumption.

Here's another way to view the matter – when you're feeling sleepy while doing work, aren't you tempted to reach for a cup of coffee or some munchies to help keep you up? In addition to that, it is also logical that the less we sleep, the more energy is needed for the body to function and perform tasks. Makes sense, right?

So ladies, don't feel too bad if you're one of those who need long hours of proper sleep. And to those who wish to pull an all-nighter, perhaps a second thought should come to mind.

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I sincerely hope that this article will be a useful guide for you..

ASSALAMUALAIKUM and GOOD NIGHT

:) :) :) :) :) :) :) :) :) :)

Zzzzzzzzz Zzzzzzzz Zzzzzzzzz Zzzzzzzz Zzzzzzzzz Zzzzzzzz